Garlake Peter Early Art and Architecture in Africa London Oxford University Press 2002

1.9: Summary

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Between about 4000 and 3000 BCE, civilizations emerged in the fertile river valleys of Mesopotamia and Northeast Africa. These civilizations had mutual elements, including nutrient surpluses, college population densities, social stratification, systems of revenue enhancement, labor specialization, regular merchandise, and written scripts.

In areas adjacent to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Mesopotamians built city-states by 3500 BCE. While Sumerian traditions influenced developments throughout the region, other cities emerged and refined their own institutions and beliefs. Archaeological finds and records in the cuneiform script show the significance of the temple complex and religious leaders throughout Mesopotamia. Kingship, with hereditary rulers who claimed command over multiple metropolis-states and special relationships with the gods, was just 1 significant political innovation in the region. History credits Sargon of Akkad with founding the offset empire in Mesopotamia. Thereafter, a succession of empires rose and fell, demonstrating the dynamic nature of Mesopotamian societies.

In approximately 3100 BCE, the unification of Egypt evidenced the emergence of i civilization in Northeast Africa. To the southward of Egypt, in Nubia, Africans congenital some other civilization with the kingdoms of Kerma and Kush. The people in each of these civilizations made good use of the agriculturally productive floodplains of the Nile River. Egypt and the kingdoms in Nubia influenced one another; they traded and intermittently claimed command over each other'due south territory. While nosotros may exist more familiar with the pharaohs, pyramids, and religious beliefs of ancient Egypt, Nubians made their own contributions, like the Merotic script and unique architectural styles, to World History.

Works Consulted and Further Reading

Civilizations

• Brown, Cynthia Stokes. "What is a Civilization, Anyway?" Earth History Connected (October 2009) http:// worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/6.iii/brownish.html
• Bellows, Sierra. "The Trouble with Civilization," UVA Magazine (Fall 2010) http://uvamagazine.org/ articles/the_trouble_with_civilization/

Mesopotamia

• Belibtreu, Erika. "Grisly Assyrian Record of Torture and Death." http://faculty.uml.edu/ethan_Spanier/ Didactics/documents/CP6.0AssyrianTorture.pdf
• History Department, University College London. "Assyrian Empire Builders." http://world wide web.ucl.air-conditioning.uk/ sargon/
• International Globe History Project. "The Akkadians." history-world.org/sargon_the_great.htm
• Khan Academy. "Ziggurat of Ur." world wide web.khanacademy.org/humaniti...civilizations/ ancient-most-east1/sumerian/a/ziggurat-of-ur
• Kilmer, Anne. "The Musical Instruments from Ur and Ancient Mesopotamian Music." Trek. The Penn Museum. twoscore, 2 (1998): 12-18. http://www.penn.museum/documents/pub...ns/expedition/ PDFs/40-two/The%20Musical1.pdf
• Kramer, Samuel. The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Graphic symbol. Chicago: Chicago University Printing, 1963.
• Leick, Gwendolyn. Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City. London: Penguin Books, 2004.
• Mitchell, William. "The Hydraulic Hypothesis: A Reappraisal." Electric current Anthropology. Vol. 15. No. v. (Dec. 1973): 532-534.
• Postgate, J.N. Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History. London: Routledge, 1994.
• Spar, Ira. "Gilgamesh." In Heinbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Fine art, 2000. (April 2009). http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/gilg/hd_gilg.htm
• Academy of Pennsylvania Museum of Archæology and Anthropology. "Republic of iraq's Ancient Past: Rediscovering Ur's Imperial Cemetery." world wide web.penn.museum/sites/iraq/

Ancient Egypt

• Australian Museum. "The Underworld and the Afterlife in Ancient Egypt." (Australian Museum, 2015) australianmuseum.net.au/the-u...-ancient-egypt
• David, Rosalie. The Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modernistic Investigation of Pharaoh's Workforce. New York: Routledge, 1997.
• Dollinger, Andre. "Slavery in Ancient Egypt." (February 2011) www.reshafim.org.il/advertising/egypt/ timelines/topics/slavery.htm
• Hierakonoplis Expedition, Hierakpopolis-online. http://www.hierakonpolis-online.org/
• Johnson, Janet. "Women's Legal Rights in Aboriginal Arab republic of egypt." Fathom Archive, Digital Collections. University of Chicago Library: 2002. http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/i/777777190170/
• McDowell, A.G. Village Life in Ancient Egypt: Laundry Lists and Dearest Songs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• Pinch, Geraldine. Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Printing, 2004.
• Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
• Shillington, Kevin. History of Africa. 2d eastward. Oxford: Macmillan Education, 2005.
• Smith, Jeffrey. "The Narmer Palette," Yale 2013 PIER Summer Institutes, http://world wide web.yale.edu/macmillan/ pier/classroom-resources/The%20Narmer%20Palette%twenty-%20by%20Jeff%20Smith%twenty.pdf
• Teeter, Emily. Religion and Ritual in Aboriginal Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
• Tyldesley, Joyce. Daughters of Isis: Women in Ancient Egypt. New York: Penguin History, 1995.

Aboriginal Nubia

• Afolayan, Funso. "Civilizations of the Upper Nile and North Africa." In Africa, Volume 1: African History Earlier 1885. Toyin Falola (ed.) (73-108) Durham, N Carolina: Carolina Academic Printing, 2000.
• British Museum. "The Wealth of Africa: The Kingdom of Kush." Student Worksheets. www.britishmuseum.org
• Louis, Chaix; Dubosson, Jerome; and Matthieu Honegger. "Bucrania from the Eastern Cemetery at Kerma (Sudan) and the Practice of Cattle Horn Deformation." Studies in African Archaeology, 11. Poznan Archeological Museum, 2012. www.academia.edu
• Collins, Robert and James Burns. A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
• Ehret, Christopher. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville, VA: University Printing of Virginia, 2002.
• Garlake, Peter. Early Art and Architecture of Africa. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, 2002.
• Trigger, Bruce. "Kerma: The Rise of an African Culture." International Journal of African Historical Studies. Vol. 9, no. 1 (1976): i-21.

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